ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected men who have sex with (MSM) in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the MSM newly confirmed to be HIV-1 positive,living in Guangzhou and receiving no anti-viral therapy from 2008 to 2015.HIV-1 pol gene segments,including full protease and part reverse transcriptase,were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced by Sanger.Subsequently,the sequence data were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database for drug resistance analysis.Results Among 2 283 HIV infected MSM,HIV-1 pol gene segments were obtained from the serum samples of 1 986 HIV infected MSM aged 16-84 (30.18 ± 8.24) years.Among them,the unmarried accounted for 74.17％ (1 473/1 986),those of Han ethnic group accounted for 90.64％ (1 800/1 986),those with education level of college or above accounted for 49.65％ (986/1 986),those with education level of senior high school or secondary school accounted for 27.14％ (539/1 986),those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 20.89％ (415/1 986).The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (38.22％,759/1 986) and CRF01_AE (34.49％,685/1 986).The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.32％ (66/1 986).The prevalence of resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs),nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were 1.36％(27/1 986),0.65％ (13/1 986) and 1.61％ (32/1 986),respectively.Subtype B had higher resistance to PIs,NRTIs and NNRTIs and subtype CRF55_01B had highest resistance to NNRTIs compared with other subtypes.In subtype B,the resistant rates to D4T,EFV and NVP were highest (all 4.17％,5/120),followed by those to NFV,AZT and RPV (all 3.33％,4/120).In subtype CRF55_01B,the resistant rates to EFV and NVP were highest (all 5.50％,16/291),followed by those to ETR and RPV (all 5.15％,15/291).Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected MSM in Guangzhou remained at low level and current antiretroviral drugs are generally effective.However,subtype B and CRF55_01B have higher drug resistance.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected men who have sex with (MSM) in Guangzhou.Methods HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the MSM newly confirmed to be HIV-1 positive,living in Guangzhou and receiving no anti-viral therapy from 2008 to 2015.HIV-1 pol gene segments,including full protease and part reverse transcriptase,were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced by Sanger.Subsequently,the sequence data were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database for drug resistance analysis.Results Among 2 283 HIV infected MSM,HIV-1 pol gene segments were obtained from the serum samples of 1 986 HIV infected MSM aged 16-84 (30.18 ± 8.24) years.Among them,the unmarried accounted for 74.17％ (1 473/1 986),those of Han ethnic group accounted for 90.64％ (1 800/1 986),those with education level of college or above accounted for 49.65％ (986/1 986),those with education level of senior high school or secondary school accounted for 27.14％ (539/1 986),those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 20.89％ (415/1 986).The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (38.22％,759/1 986) and CRF01_AE (34.49％,685/1 986).The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.32％ (66/1 986).The prevalence of resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs),nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were 1.36％(27/1 986),0.65％ (13/1 986) and 1.61％ (32/1 986),respectively.Subtype B had higher resistance to PIs,NRTIs and NNRTIs and subtype CRF55_01B had highest resistance to NNRTIs compared with other subtypes.In subtype B,the resistant rates to D4T,EFV and NVP were highest (all 4.17％,5/120),followed by those to NFV,AZT and RPV (all 3.33％,4/120).In subtype CRF55_01B,the resistant rates to EFV and NVP were highest (all 5.50％,16/291),followed by those to ETR and RPV (all 5.15％,15/291).Conclusions The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected MSM in Guangzhou remained at low level and current antiretroviral drugs are generally effective.However,subtype B and CRF55_01B have higher drug resistance.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the value of high frequency ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of hyperuricemia in patients with joint disease.Methods Ninety-eight patients with hyperuricemia and 100 healthy persons,according to with or without history of acute gout attack,were divided into symptomatic group,asymptomatic group and control group,whose first metatarsophalangeal joint,ankle and knee were examined by high frequency ultrasonography.Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results ① The joint lesions detection rate in the symptomatic group,asymptomatic group and the control group was 57％ (13/23),16％ (12/75),0 (0/100) respectively.There was statistical significant difference between the symptomatic group and the asymptomatic group (x2=9.69,P＜0.05).② The symptomatic group had 29 joint involvement (29/138),including 25 at the first metatarsophalangeal joint,3 at the ankle and one at the knee joint.The asymptomatic group had 14 joints involved (14/450),which were all located at the first metatarsophalangeal joint.③ The sonographic appearance of the two groups of arthropathy were synovial thickening,effusion,crystal deposition andbone erosion.The symptoms group presented as tophi,and increased synovial blood flow.Conclusion Patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia may have joint diseases.The joint disease detection rate of the symptomatic group is higher than that of the asymptomatic group.High frequency ultrasonography can be used a conventional imaging method for the screening of patients with hyperuricemia joint disease.The focus of the screening of asymptomatic patients is the first metatarsophalangeal joint.The focus of the screening of symptomatic patients is the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the joints that were attacked in the past history.